Which of the curves in the graph describes the percentage effect observed when a large dose of full agonist is present throughout the experiment and the concentration of a partial agonist is increased from low to very high levels? (A) Curve 1 (B) Curve 2 (C) Curve 3 (D) Curve 4 (E) Curve 5
Certain drugs can cause severe hypotension when combined with nitrates. Which of the following interacts with nitroglycerin by inhibiting the metabolism of cGMP? (A) Atenolol (B) Hydralazine (C) Isosorbide mononitrate (D) Nifedipine (E) Ranolazine (F) Sildenafil (G) Terbutaline
1. Biopsy of the small intestine continues to be the gold standard for diagnosis of celiac disease. Briefly describe the procedure. 2. How does celiac disease damage the small intestine?
A 74-year-old retired mechanic is admitted with a myocardial infarction and a severe acute cardiac arrhythmia. You decide to give lidocaine to correct the arrhythmia. A continuous intravenous infusion of lidocaine, 1.92 mg/min, is started at 8 AM. The average pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine are: Vd 77 L; clearance 640 mL/min; half-life 1.4 h. What is the expected steady-state plasma concentration? (A) 40 mg/L (B) […]
Which of the following chemicals is most likely to function as a neurotransmitter in hierarchical systems? (A) Glutamate (B) Met-enkephalin (C) Nitric oxide (D) Norepinephrine (E) Substance P
A 5-year-old child was vomiting and was brought to the emergency department with sinus arrest and a ventricular rate of 35 bpm. An empty bottle of his uncles digoxin was found where he was playing. Which of the following is the drug of choice in treating a severe overdose of digoxin? (A) Digoxin antibodies (B) Lidocaine infusion (C) Magnesium infusion (D) Phenytoin by mouth (E) […]
In a laboratory study of several peptides, one is found that decreases peripheral resistance but constricts veins. Which of the following causes arteriolar vasodilation and venoconstriction? (A) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (B) Bradykinin (C) Endothelin-1 (D) Substance P (E) Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Four new synthetic drugs (designated W, X, Y, and Z) are to be studied for their cardiovascular effects. They are given to 4 anesthetized animals while the heart rate is recorded. The first animal has received no pretreatment (control); the second has received an effective dose of hexamethonium; the third has received an effective dose of atropine; and the fourth has received an effective dose […]
Characteristics of phase I depolarizing neuromuscular blockade due to succinylcholine include (A) Easy reversibility with nicotinic receptor antagonists (B) Marked muscarinic blockade (C) Muscle fasciculations only in the later stages of block (D) Reversibility by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (E) Sustained tension during a period of tetanic stimulation
Field workers exposed to a plant toxin develop painful fluidfilled blisters. Analysis of the blister fluid reveals high concentrations of a peptide. Which of the following is a peptide that causes increased capillary permeability and edema? (A) Angiotensin II (B) Bradykinin (C) Captopril (D) Histamine (E) Sacubitril
1. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the pathophysiology of Parkinsons disease and current medical care. 2. Describe the potential drugnutrient interactions for Parkinsons disease. 3. Discuss the current understanding of nutrient supplementation in treatment of Parkinsons disease. 4. Assess for and identify nutritional health risks in dysphagia.
Understanding the Nutrition Therapy There is a high prevalence of anemia among individuals with celiac disease. How can this be explained? What tests are used for anemia?
A 68-year-old man with a history of chronic heart failure goes on vacation and abandons his low-salt diet. Three days later, he develops severe shortness of breath and is admitted to the local hospital emergency department with significant pulmonary edema. The first-line drug of choice in most cases of acute decompensation in patients with chronic heart failure is (A) Atenolol (B) Captopril (C) Carvedilol (D) […]
Nutrition Assessment Determine Mrs. Morriss energy and protein requirements. Explain the rationale for the method you used to calculate these requirements.
Which statement about the speed of onset of nerve blockade with local anesthetics is correct? (A) Faster in hypercalcemia (B) Faster in myelinated fibers (C) Faster in tissues that are infected (D) Slower in hyperkalemia (E) Slower in the periphery of a nerve bundle than in the center of a bundle
Two new synthetic drugs (X and Y) are to be studied for their cardiovascular effects. The drugs are given to three anesthetized animals while the blood pressure is recorded. The first animal has received no pretreatment (control), the second has received an effective dose of a long-acting ganglion blocker, and the third has received an effective dose of a long-acting muscarinic antagonist. The net changes […]
Nutrition Assessment 1. Using his admission chemistry and hematology values, which biochemical measures are abnormal? 2. Which values can be used to further assess his nutritional status? Explain. 3. Which laboratory measures are related to his infection and wound?
A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with mental obtundation. He is found to have a blood pressure of 220/160 and retinal hemorrhages. Which one of the following is used in severe hypertensive emergencies, is shortacting, acts on a G-protein-coupled receptor, and must be given by intravenous infusion? (A) Aliskiren (B) Captopril (C) Fenoldopam (D) Hydralazine (E) Losartan (F) Metoprolol (G) Nitroprusside (H) […]
Understanding the Diagnosis and Pathophysiology Describe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Name the cells that the new immune system views as foreign and attacks.
23-year-old man has a pheochromocytoma, blood pressure of 190/120 mm Hg, and hematocrit of 50%. Pulmonary function and renal function are normal. His catecholamines are elevated, and he has a well-defined abdominal tumor on MRI. He has been scheduled for surgery. Which one of the following agents should be avoided in the anesthesia protocol? (A) Desflurane (B) Fentanyl (C) Isoflurane (D) Midazolam (E) Sevoflurane
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